An action method in ASP.NET Core MVC can return many kinds of outcomes, which are referred to as Action outcomes. What kind of response the controller delivers back to the client is determined by these outcomes. The standard technique for returning results from a controller action method is defined by the IActionResult interface. Let's examine the many kinds of results.

1. ViewResult
This result is used to render a view (HTML page) to the client. It is the most common type used in MVC applications.

Example
public IActionResult Index()
{
    return View();
}

2. JsonResult
This result is used to return JSON-formatted data. It is commonly used for API responses.

Example
public JsonResult GetJsonData()
{
    var data = new { Name = "John", Age = 30 };
    return Json(data);
}

3. ContentResult
This result is used to return plain text or any other content.

Example
public ContentResult GetContent()
{
    return Content("Hello, this is plain text.");
}

4. FileResult
This result is used to return a file to the client, such as a document, image, or any other file.

Example
public FileResult GetFile()
{
    var fileBytes = System.IO.File.ReadAllBytes("path/to/file.pdf");
    return File(fileBytes, "application/pdf", "download.pdf");
}

5. RedirectResult
This result is used to redirect the client to a specified URL.

Example
public RedirectResult RedirectToUrl()
{
    return Redirect("https://www.example.com");
}

6. RedirectToActionResult
This result is used to redirect the client to a specific action method in the controller.

Example
public RedirectToActionResult RedirectToActionMethod()
{
    return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");
}

7. RedirectToRouteResult
This result is used to redirect the client to a specific route.

Example
public RedirectToRouteResult RedirectToRouteMethod()
{
    return RedirectToRoute(new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" });
}

8. StatusCodeResult
This result is used to return a specific HTTP status code.

Example
public StatusCodeResult GetStatusCode()
{
    return StatusCode(404);
}

9. EmptyResult
This result does not return any content.

Example
public EmptyResult DoNothing()
{
    return new EmptyResult();
}

10. PartialViewResult
This result is used to render a partial view.

Example
public PartialViewResult GetPartialView()
{
    return PartialView("_PartialView");
}

11. ObjectResult
This result is used to return an object as the response. It is often used in APIs to return data along with an HTTP status code.

Example
public ObjectResult GetObject()
{
    var data = new { Name = "John", Age = 30 };
    return new ObjectResult(data) { StatusCode = 200 };
}

Conclusion
ASP.NET Core MVC provides a rich set of action results that allow you to return various types of responses from your controller actions. Each result type serves a specific purpose and can be used to meet the requirements of different scenarios. Understanding these result types is crucial for building robust and flexible web applications.

With these action results, you can efficiently manage how your application responds to client requests, whether it's rendering views, returning JSON data, or handling file downloads.

Creating, reading, updating, and deleting (CRUD) operations are essential functionalities for any web application. In this article, we'll explore how to implement these operations in an ASP.NET MVC application using Razor views and C#.

Controller Actions
Democurd Action
The democurd action is responsible for displaying a list of democurd records.

public ActionResult democurd()
{
    DemoModel model = new DemoModel();
    model.Id = Convert.ToInt32(Session["Id"]);
    var list = demovider.Getdemocurd(model);
    return View(list);
}

• Initialization: A DemoModel object is created and its Id property is set from a session variable.
• Data Fetching: The Getdemocurd method of demovider is called to fetch a list of democurd records.
• Return View: The list of records is passed to the view for display.

democurdAddEdi Action (GET)
The democurdAddEdi action displays a form for adding or editing a democurd record.
public ActionResult democurdAddEdi()
{
    democurdinput model = new democurdinput();
    return View(model);
}

    Model Initialization: A new democurdinput model is initialized.
    Return View: The model is passed to the view for rendering the form.

democurdAddEdi Action (POST)
This action handles the form submission for adding or editing a democurd record.
[HttpPost]
[AllowAnonymous]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<ActionResult> democurdAddEdi(democurdinput obj)
{
    try
    {
        if (ModelState.IsValid)
        {
            // Your logic here
            return RedirectToAction("StationMaster");
        }
        else if (obj.StationId != 0)
        {
            var Li = democurdAddvider.democurdAdd(obj);
            if (Li.Status == "0")
            {
                return RedirectToAction("democurd");
            }
            else
            {
                return View(obj);
            }
        }
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        // Handle exception
    }

    return View(obj);
}

• Form Validation: Checks if the model state is valid.
• Condition Handling: Depending on the StationId, it either redirects or returns the view with validation errors.
• Exception Handling: Catches and handles any exceptions that occur during the process.

Editdemocurd Action

The Editdemocurd action fetches a democurd record for editing.
public ActionResult Editdemocurd(int? id)
{
    democurdinput model = new democurdinput();
    try
    {
        model.dmId = Convert.ToInt32(id);
        var list = democurdvider.Getdemocurd(model);
        var ass = list.FirstOrDefault();
        return PartialView("StationMasterAddEdi", ass);
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        // Handle exception
    }
    return View("democurdAddEdi", null);
}

    Model Initialization: A new democurdinput model is initialized with the id parameter.
    Data Fetching: Retrieves the record to be edited using the Getdemocurd method.
    Return Partial View: The record is passed to a partial view for editing.

    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-12">
            <div class="card">
                <div class="card-body">
                    <div class="card-title">
                        <i class="icon-layers"></i> Manage democurd
                        <span class="pull-right">
                            <a href="@Url.Action("methodname", "controllername")" class="btn btn-primary mt-ladda-btn ladda-button btn-circle" data-style="expand-right">
                                <span class="ladda-label">
                                    <i class="fa fa-plus"></i> Add
                                </span>
                            </a>
                        </span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="preview-list">
                        <table class="table table-striped table-bordered dt-responsive nowrap" id="dataTableModules1">
                            <thead>
                                <tr>
                                    <th>Name</th>
                                    <th>Number</th>
                                    <th>val</th>
                                    <th>valtude</th>
                                    <th>status</th>
                                    <th>StatusDesc</th>
                                    <th>wstg</th>
                                    <th class="text-center">Action</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                @foreach (var i in Model)
                                {
                                    <tr>
                                        <td>@i.Name</td>
                                        <td>@i.Number</td>
                                        <td>@i.val</td>
                                        <td>@i.valtude</td>
                                        <td>@i.status</td>
                                        <td>@i.StatusDesc</td>
                                        <td>@i.wstg</td>
                                        <td class="text-center">
                                            <a href="@Url.Action("Editdemocurd", "Master", new { id = @i.Id })" class="btn btn-success btn-fw" data-style="expand-right">
                                                <span class="ladda-label">
                                                    <i class="fa fa-pencil-square-o"></i>
                                                </span>
                                            </a>
                                        </td>
                                    </tr>
                                }
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

Table Structure: The table includes columns for various attributes of the democurd records and an action column for editing.
Add Button: A button to add a new record, redirecting to the StationMasterAddEdi action.

JavaScript for DataTable and Alerts
JavaScript code to initialize DataTable and display success or failure alerts.

@section scripts {
    @{
        if (TempData["AlertError"] != null)
        {
            <script>
                swal("Failure", "@TempData["AlertError"].ToString()", "error");
            </script>
        }
        if (TempData["AlertSuccess"] != null)
        {
            <script>
                swal("Success", "@TempData["AlertSuccess"].ToString()", "success");
            </script>
        }
    }
}

<script>
    $(document).ready(function () {
        window.showLoading({ name: 'jump-pulse', allowHide: true });
        $('#dataTableModules1').dataTable({
            autoWidth: false,
            responsive: true,
            "bLengthChange": true,
            "bFilter": true,
            "language": {
                "searchPlaceholder": "Search"
            },
            "aaSorting": [],
            "sPaginationType": "full_numbers",
            dom: 'Bfrtip',
            buttons: [
                {
                    extend: 'copyHtml5',
                    text: '<i class="fa fa-files-o"></i> Copy',
                    titleAttr: 'Copy'
                },
                {
                    extend: 'excelHtml5',
                    text: '<i class="fa fa-file-excel-o"></i> Excel',
                    titleAttr: 'Excel'
                },
                {
                    extend: 'csvHtml5',
                    text: '<i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> CSV',
                    titleAttr: 'CSV'
                },
                {
                    extend: 'pdfHtml5',
                    text: '<i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i> PDF',
                    titleAttr: 'PDF'
                }
            ]
        });
        setTimeout(function () {
            window.hideLoading();
        }, 1000);
    });
</script>

• Alerts: Displays success or failure alerts based on TempData values.
• DataTable Initialization: Initializes the DataTable with specific options and buttons for exporting data.

Form for Adding or Editing democurd Records
A form for adding or editing democurd records with validation and anti-forgery protection.
@using (Html.BeginForm("democurdAddEdi", "democontroller", FormMethod.Post, new { id = "__AjaxAntiForgeryForm", role = "form", LoadingElementId = "please-wait" }))
{
    @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    <div class="form-body">
        <div class="row">
            <div class="col-md-3">
                <div class="form-group form-md-line-input form-md-floating-label">
                    <label for="form_control_1">Station Name<span class="text-danger">*</span></label>
                    <div class="input-icon right">
                        @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.Name, new { placeholder = "Enforcement Name", @class = "form-control", onkeypress = "return onlyAlphabets(this, event);", maxlength = "100", @required = true })
                        @Html.HiddenFor(m => m.StationId)
                        <span class="help-block">@Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.Name, "", new { @class = "text-danger", style = "white-space:nowrap" })</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="col-md-3">
                <div class="form-group form-md-line-input form-md-floating-label">
                    <label for="form_control_1">Mobile Number<span class="text-danger">*</span></label>
                    <div class="input-icon right">
                        @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.Number, new { placeholder = "Number", @class = "form-control", onkeypress = "return onlyNumber(this, event);", maxlength = "10", minlength = "10", @required = true })
                        <span class="help-block">@Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.Number, "", new { @class = "text-danger", style = "white-space:nowrap" })</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="col-md-3">
                <div class="form-group form-md-line-input form-md-floating-label">
                    <label for="form_control_1">val<span class="text-danger">*</span></label>
                    <div class="input-icon right">
                        @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.val, new { placeholder = "val", @class = "form-control", onkeypress = "return onlyNumberwithDot(this, event);", maxlength = "100", @required = true })
                        <span class="help-block">@Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.val, "", new { @class = "text-danger", style = "white-space:nowrap" })</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="col-md-3">
                <div class="form-group form-md-line-input form-md-floating-label">
                    <label for="form_control_1">valtude<span class="text-danger">*</span></label>
                    <div class="input-icon right">
                        @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.valtude, new { placeholder = "valtude", @class = "form-control", onkeypress = "return onlyNumberwithDot(this, event);", maxlength = "100", @required = true })
                        <span class="help-block">@Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.valtude, "", new { @class = "text-danger", style = "white-space:nowrap" })</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="row">
            <div class="col-md-3">
                <div class="form-group form-md-line-input form-md-floating-label">
                    <label for="form_control_1">status</label>
                    <div class="input-icon right">
                        @Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.status, new { placeholder = "status", @class = "form-control", @required = true })
                        <span class="help-block">@Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.status, "", new { @class = "text-danger", style = "white-space:nowrap" })</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="form-actions noborder pull-right">
                <a href="@Url.Action("methodname", "controllername")" class="btn btn-danger btn-flat"><i class="fa fa-ban fa-fw"></i>Cancel</a>
                <button id="btnSubmit" type="submit" class="btn btn-info btn-flat"><i class="fa fa-save fa-fw"></i>Submit</button>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
}

Conclusion
In this article, we've covered the implementation of CRUD operations in an ASP.NET MVC application using Razor views and C#. We explored the various controller actions responsible for listing, adding, and editing records. Additionally, we discussed the Razor views for displaying the records in a table and providing forms for user input.

Performance optimization for ASP.NET MVC (Model-View-Controller) applications use a range of techniques in an effort to improve the efficiency, responsiveness, and speed of applications created using this framework. The following are some key areas and methods for optimizing the performance of ASP.NET MVC applications.

1. Efficient data access
Use Entity Framework wisely: Optimize queries, use lazy loading carefully, and prefer compiled queries for frequently used data access paths.
Stored Procedures: Use stored procedures for complex and frequently run queries to reduce the overhead of query parsing and execution planning.
Caching: Implement caching strategies like output caching, data caching, and distributed caching (e.g., using Redis) to reduce database load.

2. Optimizing server-side code
Async/Await: Use asynchronous programming (async/await) to handle I/O-bound operations without blocking threads.
Minimize ViewState: Reduce the use of ViewState to decrease the payload size.
Bundling and Minification: Combine and minify CSS and JavaScript files to reduce the number of HTTP requests and the size of requested resources.
Compression: Enable GZIP compression in IIS to compress the response data sent to the client, reducing the response size.

3. Efficient use of resources
Pooled Connections: Use connection pooling to reuse database connections.
Memory Management: Properly manage memory usage to avoid excessive garbage collection and memory leaks.
Thread Pooling: Utilize thread pooling to manage a pool of worker threads, which can be reused for executing tasks, reducing the overhead of thread creation.

4. Front-end performance
Lazy Loading: Implement lazy loading for images and other resources to load them only when they are in the viewport.
Content Delivery Network (CDN): Use CDNs to serve static resources like images, CSS, and JavaScript files from locations closer to the user, reducing latency.
Browser Caching: Set appropriate caching headers to enable browsers to cache static resources.

5. Optimizing Queries and Data Access
Indexing: Properly index database tables to improve query performance.
Pagination: Implement pagination for data-heavy views to load only a subset of data at a time.
Query Optimization: Analyze and optimize LINQ queries to reduce execution time.

6. Application Monitoring and Profiling
Application Insights: Use tools like Azure Application Insights for monitoring and diagnostics to identify performance bottlenecks.
Profiling Tools: Use profiling tools to analyze the performance of your application and identify hotspots.

7. Configuration and Deployment
Configuration Settings: Tune application settings such as session state management, request timeouts, and garbage collection modes.
Scalability: Design the application to be scalable, allowing it to handle increased load by adding more resources (horizontal scaling) or optimizing resource usage (vertical scaling).

8. Load Balancing
Load Balancers: Use load balancers to distribute incoming traffic across multiple servers, ensuring no single server is overwhelmed.
Session State Management: Ensure the session state is managed in a distributed manner (e.g., using a distributed cache) to support load balancing.

Example implementation
Here’s an example of how to implement output caching in an ASP.NET MVC controller.

using System.Web.Mvc;
public class HomeController : Controller
{
    [OutputCache(Duration = 60, VaryByParam = "none")]
    public ActionResult Index()
    {
        return View();
    }
}

In this example, the OutputCache attribute is applied to the Index action method, caching the output for 60 seconds.

Conclusion
By implementing these strategies, you can significantly improve the performance of your ASP.NET MVC application. Each application is unique, so it's important to profile and monitor your specific application to identify the most effective optimization techniques.

There are a ton of in-app notifications, everyone uses a ton of websites and apps every day, communication is crucial in today's fast-paced environment. But those in-app alerts won't appear until we launch the program. Therefore, adding SMS functionality to projects could greatly increase user interaction and engagement. Among other communication services, Twilio, a well-known cloud communications company, offers developers a robust API that makes it simple to send and receive SMS texts.

This post will explain how to incorporate Twilio into a C# MVC project from scratch in order to send SMS. So let's get started on the project by first creating a Twilio account.

Setting up a Twilio account
To set up a Twilio account, we will first sign up, and that's quite easy. If you already have a Twilio account, you can skip step 1 and just follow from step 2.

Step 1. Sign Up in Twilio
Sign up by filling in the basic details on the following link - www.twilio.com. By clicking on "Continue," you will be redirected to another page to verify your email. Once the email is verified, you will need to verify your phone number as well. After that, you will be redirected to another page that will provide a recovery code. Please copy the code and keep it somewhere safe for future use.

Step 2. Log in to Twilio
If you are logging in for the first time, Twilio will ask you a few questions. Just answer them, and it will take you to the dashboard, which will look like below.

Step 3. Get the Phone Number
Click on the "Get Phone Number" button, and you will receive the number. Before purchasing their plan, your account will be a trial account, and the number given to you will be a trial number.

Step 4. Get SID and Auth Token
In the same screen, you will have a section named "Account Info", where you will following information -Account SID, Auth Token, and My Twilio phone number, which we will be using during development.

Step 5. Verify Phone Numbers
This step is only for trial account users. Since it is a trial account, you will need to verify the numbers on which you want to send the SMS using your project. You can skip this step if you have purchased a Twilio SMS plan. To verify numbers, follow the following steps.

• Click on the verified phone numbers link. You will be redirected to another page.
• Click on the "Add a new caller ID" button in the right corner. A popup will open to add the number.
• Select the country, number, and mode through which you want to verify the number.
• Click verify the number, you will get an OTP on the number you just entered.
• Enter the OTP to verify the number and it will be shown in verified caller IDs.

Now that you have set up the Twilio account. Let's move to the project.

Setting up the project
You can either create a new project or you can integrate Twilio into an existing project. Here, I have created a demo project to integrate Twilio in it and created a Controller named "TwilioIntegrationController". In this controller, I will be writing Twilio-related code. Let's move to the project.

Step 1. Install dependencies
To be able to integrate Twilio in the project, you will need some dependencies, that will help Twilio run.

• Click on Tools.
• Select "Nuget Package Manager".
• Click "Manage Nuget Package for solution".
• In the Browse section, search for Package "Twilio" and install the solution.
• Then, search "Twilio.AspNet.Mvc" and install it too.

Now that you have installed all the necessary dependencies. Let's move to the next step.

Step 2. Code to Send SMS
In the "TwilioIntegrationController", write your code for sending SMS. Here, I am putting all my code in one file. But you should put the necessary code where it should be.
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Twilio;
using Twilio.Rest.Api.V2010.Account;

namespace TwilioIntegration.Controllers
{
public class TwilioIntegrationController : Controller
{
    [Route("send-SMS")]
    public IActionResult SendSMS()
    {
        string sId = ""; // add Account from Twilio
        string authToken = ""; //add Auth Token from Twilio
        string fromPhoneNumber = "+120*******"; //add Twilio phone number

        TwilioClient.Init(sId, authToken);
        var message = MessageResource.Create(
            body: "Hi, there!!",
            from: new Twilio.Types.PhoneNumber(fromPhoneNumber),
            to: new Twilio.Types.PhoneNumber("+9175********") //add receiver's phone number
        );
        Console.WriteLine(message.ErrorCode);
        return View(message);
    }
}
}

Code Explanation
In the above code,

• Add 'using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;', 'using Twilio;', 'using Twilio.Rest.Api.V2010.Account;' to use Twilio API in the code.
• Then, I have created a method named SendSMS().
• In the method, I created three string variables - sId, authToken, and fromPhoneNumber to store Twilio account SId, Auth Token, and Twilio phone number. I have placed all three in this method, but you should store them in an appsettings file and access them from there.
• Then, initiate TwilioClient by passing your account SId and Auth Token using this lineTwilioClient.Init(sId, authToken);.
• In the next line "MessageResource.Create()" is a method call to create a new SMS message using the Twilio API. It indicates that we are creating a new message resource. We are passing the message body, from phone number and to phone number in it. It creates the message and sends it using the Twilio API.
• In the next line, I have consoled the ErrorCode, if any error occurs during the sending of SMS.
• If you got this exception while executing the method, Permission to send an SMS has not been enabled for the region indicated by the 'To' number. Click here to resolve this- solution

Step 3. Call the above method
Call the method that we created earlier from your code to send SMS from wherever you want in your code, and Twilio will send the SMS to the account that you mentioned earlier.

In the above image, you can see the message is sent successfully from the project and the body is the same as we mentioned in our code. But as we are using a trial account, hence, Twilio adds the prefix "Sent from your Twilio trial account-" in all the messages that you will send from your trial account. Hence, for real-life projects, it is better to buy a plan.

Conclusion
In this article, we have seen how to create a Twilio account, set it up, and integrate Twilio with the code in the C# MVC project. By following simple steps to set up a Twilio account and implementing Twilio's API, developers can easily send and receive SMS messages, offering a valuable tool for improving project functionality and user experience.

Like this, you can also integrate Twilio in other languages too. The process is almost similar. You can also use Twilio to send WhatsApp messages and voice messages, etc by simply integrating it into your project. This integration empowers developers to leverage Twilio's robust cloud communication platform to enhance their projects across various programming languages, facilitating effective communication and user engagement.

I was inspired to produce an article about utilizing Dependency Injection in ASP.NET MVC5 after reading many ones about it in MVC and C#.

In MVC, Dependency Injection (DI)
One way to put "Inversion of Control" into practice is through dependency injection. According to the theory known as Inversion of Control (IoC), objects obtain the objects they require from an external source (such as an XML configuration file) rather than creating other objects that they depend on to do their tasks.

Let's now put the same into practice.
Create a new project for ASP.NET MVC.

No, install the "Unity.Mvc5" Container using NuGet Package Manager, as shown below.

When it is installed successfully, you will find the following two references added to your project and a UnityConfig.cs class file in App-Start folder.

Now, let’s create the repository that will be accessed by the Controller.

• Add a folder named Repository.
• Add an interface IUserMasterRepository.

interface IUserMasterRepository
    {
        IEnumerable<UserMaster> GetAll();
        UserMaster Get(int id);
        UserMaster Add(UserMaster item);
        bool Update(UserMaster item);
        bool Delete(int id);
    }

Now, add the repository which has your data access code.
public class UserMasterRepository : IUserMasterRepository
{
    private List<UserMaster> users = new List<UserMaster>();
    private int Id = 1;

    public UserMasterRepository()
    {
        // Add products for the Demonstration
        Add(new UserMaster { Name = "User1", EmailID = "[email protected]", MobileNo = "1234567890" });
        Add(new UserMaster { Name = "User2", EmailID = "[email protected]", MobileNo = "1234567890" });
        Add(new UserMaster { Name = "User3", EmailID = "[email protected]", MobileNo = "1234567890" });
    }

    public UserMaster Add(UserMaster item)
    {
        if (item == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException("item");
        }

        item.ID = Id++;
        users.Add(item);
        return item;
    }

    public bool Delete(int id)
    {
        users.RemoveAll(p => p.ID == id);
        return true;
    }

    public UserMaster Get(int id)
    {
        return users.FirstOrDefault(x => x.ID == id);
    }

    public IEnumerable<UserMaster> GetAll()
    {
        return users;
    }

    public bool Update(UserMaster item)
    {
        if (item == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException("item");
        }

        int index = users.FindIndex(p => p.ID == item.ID);
        if (index == -1)
        {
            return false;
        }
        users.RemoveAt(index);
        users.Add(item);
        return true;
    }
}

Note. Here, we have used a repository. You can use services which will consume your Repository.
Now, register this repository to container in UnityConfig.cs.
    public static void RegisterComponents()
    {
        var container = new UnityContainer();
        container.RegisterType<IUserMasterRepository, UserMasterRepository>();
        DependencyResolver.SetResolver(new UnityDependencyResolver(container));
    }
Add UnityConfiguration in AppStart method of Global.asax
protected void Application_Start()
{
    AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();
    FilterConfig.RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilters.Filters);
    RouteConfig.RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
    BundleConfig.RegisterBundles(BundleTable.Bundles);
    UnityConfig.RegisterComponents();
}

Inject the Dependency in Controller.

Create UserController

Now, in the below code, we have created a constructor of UserContoller, injected the UserMasterRepository, and accessed it in Index action.

public class UserController : Controller
{
    readonly IUserMasterRepository userRepository;

    public UserController(IUserMasterRepository repository)
    {
        this.userRepository = repository;
    }

    // GET: User
    public ActionResult Index()
    {
        var data = userRepository.GetAll();
        return View(data);
    }
}

Add a View for the same.
Add User folder in Views folder.
Add Index View.

Below is the code which needs to be written in Index View file.

@model IEnumerable<MVCWithDI.Repository.UserMaster>

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Users";
    Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";
}

<h2>Index</h2>

<p>
    @Html.ActionLink("Create New", "Create")
</p>

<table class="table">
    <tr>
        <th>
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.Name)
        </th>
        <th>
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.EmailID)
        </th>
        <th>
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.MobileNo)
        </th>
        <th></th>
    </tr>

@foreach (var item in Model) {
    <tr>
        <td>
            @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Name)
        </td>
        <td>
            @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.EmailID)
        </td>
        <td>
            @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.MobileNo)
        </td>
        <td>
            @Html.ActionLink("Edit", "Edit", new { id=item.ID }) |
            @Html.ActionLink("Details", "Details", new { id=item.ID }) |
            @Html.ActionLink("Delete", "Delete", new { id=item.ID })
        </td>
    </tr>
}

</table>

Now, run the project. Here is the output.

In order to transfer information, web services are still crucial in many modern applications. Because of my well-received series of articles on ASP.NET Web Services from two or three years ago, people have been requesting that I publish a straightforward piece on how to use Web Services in MVC applications. I have therefore chosen to produce an essay on ASP.NET MVC about using Web Services based on that requirement. We will learn how to use Web Services in ASP.NET MVC applications in this tutorial.

Step 1. Create MVC Application

• "Start", followed by "All Programs" and select "Microsoft Visual Studio 2015".
• Click "File", followed by "New" and click "Project". Select "ASP.NET Web Application Template", provide the Project; whatever name you wish, and click OK.
• After clicking, the Window given below will appear. Choose an empty project template and check the MVC option.
  

The preceding step creates the simple empty ASP.NET MVC Application without a Model, View, and Controller. The Solution Explorer of the created Web Application will look as shown below.

Step 2. Adding Web Service reference
There are many ways to consume Web Services but in this article, we will learn to consume the Web Service by using the Add Service reference method. Note. We are using Web Services, which are hosted in IIS. For more details, please watch my video by using the link given in the prerequisites section. The URL is given below, hosted by Service, which we are going to use in this application .

http://localhost:8080/PaymentWebService.asmx

Right-click on the created ASP.NET MVC Application and click Add Service Reference, as shown below.

Now, after clicking on the preceding Service reference option, it will show the Window given below.

Now, click on the advanced button. It shows the Window given below, which allows us to configure how the entities and output should behave.

After configuring the appropriate Service reference settings, click Add Web Service reference. It will show the Window given below.

As shown in the preceding image, our Web Service found two web service methods which are highlighted with a red rectangle. Now provide the web service reference name as you wish and click on ok , it will add the Web Service reference in our created ASP.NET MVC application, as shown below.

As you can see in the preceding highlighted square section, the Web Service reference gets added to our created ASP.NET MVC application. Now, we are done with adding the Web Service reference.

Step 3. Add Controller Class
Now, let us add the ASP.NET MVC controller, as shown in the screenshot given below.

After clicking the Add button, it will show in the Window. Specify the Controller name as Home with the suffix Controller. Now, let's modify the default code of the Home controller. After modifying the code of Homecontroller class, the code will look, as shown below.

Home controller. cs
using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace ConsumingWebServiceInASPNETMVC.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        // GET: Home
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View();
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public JsonResult BookingStatus()
        {
            //Creating Web Service reference object
            HotepBookingPayReference.PaymentWebService objPayRef = new HotepBookingPayReference.PaymentWebService();

            //calling and storing web service output into the variable
            var BookingStatusInfo = objPayRef.RoomBookingStatus().ToList();
            //returning json result
            return Json(BookingStatusInfo, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);
        }
    }
}

I hope, you have gone through the same steps and understood how to use and call ASP.NET Web Service.

Step 4. Create Empty View
Now, right-click on the Views folder of the created Application and create View, which is named by Index, to display hotel booking details from hosted ASP.NET Web Services, as shown below.

Now, click the Add button. It will create a View named index. Now, modify the code and write the jQuery function to bind the HTML table, using JSON data after modifying the default code. The code snippet of the Index View looks, as shown below.

Index. cshtml
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
}
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery-1.10.2.intellisense.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript">
    $(document).ready(function () {
        $.getJSON("/Home/BookingStatus", function (data) {
            var tr;
            $.each(data, function (d, i) {
                tr = $('<tr/>');
                tr.append("<td>" + i.RoomId + "</td>");
                tr.append("<td>" + i.RooType + "</td>");
                tr.append("<td>" + i.BookingStatus + "</td>");
                $('#tblBookingStatus').append(tr);
            });
        });
    });
</script>

<p class="form-horizontal">
    <hr />
    <p class="form-group">
        <table id="tblBookingStatus" class="table table-responsive" style="width:400px">
            <tr>
                <th>
                    Room Id
                </th>
                <th>
                    Room Type
                </th>
                <th>
                    Booking Status
                </th>
            </tr>
            <tbody>
            </tbody>
        </table>
    </p>
</p>

The preceding View will display all hotel booking details. Now, we have done all the coding.

Step 5. Run the Application
After running the Application, the hotel booking details from hosted ASP.NET Web Service will look, as shown below.

I hope, from the above examples, you have learned how to consume ASP.NET Web Services in ASP.NET MVC Applications.

Note
Download the zip file of the published code to learn and start quickly.
This article is just a guideline on how to consume ASP.NET Web Service in ASP.NET MVC Applications.
In this article, the optimization is not covered in depth; do it as per your skills.

Summary
I hope this article is useful for all the readers. If you have any suggestions, please mention them in the comments section.

An overview of MVC, or Model View Controller
A framework called Model View Controller (MVC) is used to create web applications based on predetermined designs.

• M is an acronym for model.
• V is an acronym for view.
• Controller is represented by the letter C.

The portion of the program that manages the logic for application data is represented by ModelModel. The Model object's primary functions are data retrieval and database storage.

Views
The portion of a program that manages data display is called a view. Model data are used to construct views.

Controller
The portion of the program that manages user interaction is called the Controller. It serves as a link between the View and the Model. Usually, the Controller provides input data to the model after reading data from the View and controlling user input.

What has ASP.NET MVC 6 added?
Cloud-optimized Framework vs. Entire Framework

Because System.Web.Dll is so expensive and often uses 30k of memory for each request and answer, Microsoft eliminated its reliance from MVC 6. As a result, MVC 6 now only uses 2k of memory for requests and responses, which is a relatively minimal amount of memory. One benefit of utilizing the cloud-optimized framework is that your website will come with a copy of the mono CLR. We don't need to update the.NET version on the whole system only for one website. A separate CLR version operating side by side with another website.

ASP.NET 5's MVC 6 component was created with cloud-optimized apps in mind. When our MVC application is pushed to the cloud, the runtime chooses the appropriate version of the library automatically.

It is also intended to optimize the Core CLR with a high degree of resource efficiency.

Microsoft created numerous Web API, WebPage, MVC, and SignalLr components that we refer to as MVC 6.

The Roslyn Compiler is used to solve the majority of the difficulties. The Roslyn Compiler is used with ASP.NET vNext. We can avoid compiling the program by using the Roslyn Compiler, which builds the application code automatically. Without pausing or restarting the project, you will update a code file and be able to view the changes by refreshing the browser.

Use hosts other than Windows
On the other hand, MVC 6 has an improved functionality that is housed on an IIS server and a self-user pipeline. Where we use MVC5, we can host it on an IIS server and we can also run it on top of an ASP. Net Pipeline.

Configuration system based on the environment
An environment for cloud application deployment is made available via the configuration system. Our program functions similarly to one that provides configurations. Retrieving the value from other configuration sources, such as XML files, is helpful.

A brand-new environment-based configuration system is part of MVC6. It is dependent only on the Web, as opposed to something else. Configuration file from the prior iteration.

Dependency injection
Using the IServiceProvider interface we can easily add our own dependency injection container. We can replace the default implementation with our own container.

Supports OWIN
We have complete control over the composable pipeline in MVC 6 applications. MVC 6 supports the OWIN abstraction.
Important components of an MVC6 application

The is a new file type in MVC6 as in the following.

The preceding files are new in MVC 6. Let's see what each of these files contains.

Config.Json
This file contains the application configuration in various places. We can define our application configuration, not just this file. There is no need to be concerned about how to connect to various sources to get the confutation value.

In the following code, we add a connection string in the Config.json file.
{
    "Data": {
        "DefaultConnection": {
            "ConnectionString": "Server=server_name;Database=database_name;Trusted_Connection=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=true"
        }
    }
}

Project.json
This file contains the build information as well as project dependencies. It can contain the commands used by the application.
{
    "webroot": "wwwroot",
    "version": "1.0.0-*",
    "dependencies": {
        "Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc": "6.0.0-beta1",
        "Microsoft.AspNet.Server.IIS": "1.0.0-alpha4"
    },
    "commands": {
        /* Change the port number when you are self hosting this application */
        "web": "Microsoft.AspNet.Hosting --server Microsoft.AspNet.Server.WebListener --server.urls http://localhost:5000"
    },
    "frameworks": {
        "aspnet50": {},
        "aspnetcore50": {}
    }
}

Startup.cs
The Application Builder is used as a parameter when the configure method is used when the Startup class is used by the host.

Global.json
Define the location for the project reference so that the projects can reference each other.

Defining the Request Pipeline
If we look at the Startup.cs it contains a startup method.
public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env)
{
    // Setup configuration sources.
    var Configuration = new Configuration();
    Configuration.AddJsonFile("config.json");
    Configuration.AddEnvironmentVariables();
}

Create a Controller
If we look at the controller it is similar to the controller in a MVC 5 application.
public class HomeController : Controller
{
    public IActionResult Index()
    {
        return View();
    }
}

The namespace for MVC6 is Microsoft.ASPNET.MVC, unlike the System.Web.MVC in the previous version. That is a big difference. In MVC 6 the application does not need to be derived from the controller class. In our controller, there are many default functionalities. Most of the time we might need to derive from the controller class, but if we do not need access to all of the functionally provided by the controller class, we can define our controller class.
public class HomeController : Controller
{
    public ActionResult Index()
    {
        return View();
    }

    public string atul()
    {
        return "hello i am mvc6";
    }
}

If you execute the preceding method we may see the following page.

Summary
In this article, we have learned about the new features of MVC 6. We have now become familiar with MVC 6.

In ASP.NET MVC, the ActionResult class plays a crucial part in the result that is sent to the client when an action method is invoked. It's important to know the different ActionResult types and when to use them when developing MVC applications that are both secure and effective. This article will examine the various types of ActionResult and provide usage examples.

View Outcome

• Use this technique when producing an entire HTML view in response to a user request.
• typically used to display entire views or pages containing significant information.
• ideal for displaying intricate information representations or user interface components.

public ActionResult Index()
{
    return View();
}

PartialViewResult

• Purpose- Including particular page portions by rendering partial views.
• Use Case- Perfect for containing reusable user interface elements such as sidebars, footers, headers, or widgets.Helps in maintaining modular and reusable code by separating UI components into smaller parts.

public ActionResult Sidebar()
{
    return PartialView("_Sidebar");
}

RedirectResult

• Use when the client needs to be redirected to an alternative URL.
• frequently used following successful login/logout processes, form submissions, or the permanent move of a resource.
• helpful for handling URL changes or for putting HTTP redirects into place for SEO reasons.

public ActionResult RedirectCsharpcorner()
{
    return Redirect("https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/");
}

RedirectToRouteResult

• Use in cases where route values require redirecting to an alternative action method inside the same application.
• especially when utilizing named routes, useful for navigating around the application.
• makes redirecting based on routing configuration possible in a more organized manner.

public ActionResult RedirectToAction()
{
    return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");
}

JsonResult

• Use in situations where you must give the client data in JSON format.
• Perfect for creating online APIs that use JSON for data interchange or for AJAX requests.
• makes it possible for client-side JavaScript frameworks to efficiently consume data without requiring refreshing entire pages.

public ActionResult GetJsonData()
{
    var data = new { Name = "Peter", Age = 25 };
    return Json(data, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);
}

ContentResult

• Use this method when you have to send the client plain text or HTML as raw material.
• Ideal for producing dynamic content such as error warnings, delivering short replies, or presenting static material.
• allows you to create and deliver content directly from the controller action with more flexibility.

public ActionResult ContentText()
{
    return Content("This is plain text content.");
}

FileResult

• Use this if you need to download a document or an image and then return it to the client.
• permits users to download data from the program, including Excel spreadsheets, photos, and PDFs.
• allows for the customization of the file name and content type while offering a smooth method of file serving.

public ActionResult DownloadFile()
{
    byte[] fileBytes = System.IO.File.ReadAllBytes("path_to_file.pdf");
    return File(fileBytes, "application/pdf", "filename.pdf");
}

HttpStatusCodeResult

• Use this when you need to provide the client with just a certain HTTP status number and no more content.
• useful for indicating different HTTP status codes, such as redirection, success, and client or server issues.
• permits appropriate HTTP status code processing to improve server-client communication.

public ActionResult Index()
{
    // Return HTTP 404 (Not Found) status code
    return new HttpStatusCodeResult(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
}

EmptyResult

• Use in situations where an action method doesn't need to give the client any data; this is usually the case for actions that have side effects.
• Ideal for situations where the answer is not important in and of itself, like logging actions or updating database entries.
• helps in keeping the answer brief and effective when the client doesn't need any data to be returned.

​public ActionResult ClearCache()
{
    // Code to clear cache goes here
    // For example:
    Cache.Clear();

    // Return EmptyResult since no data needs to be sent back to the client
    return new EmptyResult();
}

Developers have a lot of options when it comes to creating dynamic and responsive web apps with the diverse range of ActionResult types available in ASP.NET MVC. Through an understanding of the subtle differences between each ActionResult subtype and matching them to the particular needs of their applications, developers may coordinate smooth server-client interactions, improving the user experience in general.

In ASP.NET Core MVC, you can restrict the file types that can be uploaded by adding server-side validation. Here's a simple example of how to accomplish this:

Why do we need to restrict uploaded File Type in an ASP.NET Core?

• Security: Allowing unrestricted file uploads can pose security risks. Certain file types, such as executable files (.exe), scripts (.js, .ps1), or files containing macros (.docm), could be used to execute malicious code on the server or client-side when downloaded. Restricting file types mitigates these risks by preventing potentially harmful files from being uploaded.
• Data Integrity: Limiting the accepted file types ensures that the application only processes files that are compatible with its functionality. Accepting only specific file types reduces the chances of errors or unexpected behavior caused by unsupported file formats.
• Compliance: In some industries or applications, there might be regulatory or compliance requirements regarding the types of files that can be uploaded. Enforcing restrictions helps ensure compliance with such standards.
• Resource Management: Different file types require different processing and storage resources. By restricting the allowed file types, you can better manage server resources and avoid unnecessary strain on the system.
• User Experience: Providing clear restrictions on acceptable file types helps users understand what they can upload, reducing confusion and errors during the file upload process. This improves the overall user experience of the application.

1-Client-Side Validation (Optional): You can use the HTML5 accept attribute on your file input to restrict file types. However, keep in mind that this can be easily bypassed by users, so server-side validation is essential.
<input type="file" name="file" accept=".pdf,.doc,.docx">

2. Server-Side Validation: In your controller action, where you handle the file upload, you can check the file's content type or extension and reject files that are not allowed.
Add a controller

• In Solution Explorer, right-click Controllers > Add > Controller.
• In the Add New Scaffolded Item dialog box, select MVC Controller - Empty > Add.
• In the Add New Item - RestrictUploadedFileSize_Demo dialog, enter FileUploadController.cs and select Add.

Replace the contents of Controllers/ FileUploadController.cs with the following code.
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace RestrictUploadedFileSize_Demo.Controllers
{
    public class FileUploadController : Controller
    {
        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            return View();
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public async Task<IActionResult> FileUpload(IFormFile SingleFile)
        {
            if (SingleFile == null || SingleFile.Length == 0)
            {
                ModelState.AddModelError("", "File not selected");
                return View("Index");
            }

            var permittedExtensions = new[] { ".jpg", ".png", ".gif" };
            var extension = Path.GetExtension(SingleFile.FileName).ToLowerInvariant();

            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(extension) || !permittedExtensions.Contains(extension))
            {
                ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid file type.");
            }

            // Optional: Validate MIME type as well
            var mimeType = SingleFile.ContentType;
            var permittedMimeTypes = new[] { "image/jpeg", "image/png", "image/gif" };
            if (!permittedMimeTypes.Contains(mimeType))
            {
                ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid MIME type.");
            }

            //Validating the File Size
            if (SingleFile.Length > 10000000) // Limit to 10 MB
            {
                ModelState.AddModelError("", "The file is too large.");
            }

            if (ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                var filePath = Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "wwwroot/uploads", SingleFile.FileName);

                //Using Streaming
                using (var stream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write))
                {
                    await SingleFile.CopyToAsync(stream);
                }

                // Process the file here (e.g., save to the database, storage, etc.)
                return View("UploadSuccess");
            }

            return View("Index");
        }
    }
}

This code snippet checks both the file extension and content type to ensure that it meets your criteria. You can adjust the allowed file types and content types according to your requirements. Additionally, you can improve this validation logic based on your specific needs, such as checking the file's signature or using a more comprehensive file type validation library.Add a view

• Right-click on the Views folder, then Add > New Folder and name the folder Companies
• Right-click on the Views/ FileUpload folder, and then Add > New Item.
• In the Add New Item dialog, select Show All Templates.
• In the Add New Item - RestrictUploadedFileSize_Demo dialog:
• In the search box in the upper-right, enter the view
• Select Razor View - Empty
• Keep the Name box value, Index.cshtml.
• Select Add
• Replace the contents of the Views/Companies/Index.cshtml Razor view file with the following:

Index.cshtml
@{
    ViewData["Title"] = "Index";
}

<h2>File Upload</h2>
<hr />
<div class="row">
    <div class="col-md-12">
        <form method="post" asp-controller="FileUpload" asp-action="FileUpload"enctype="multipart/form-data">
            <div asp-validation-summary="All" class="text-danger"></div>
            <input type="file" name="SingleFile" class="form-control" />
            <button type="submit" name="Upload" class="btn btn-primary">Upload</button>
        </form>
    </div>
</div>

Run the Application

Select Ctrl+F5 to run the app without the debugger. Visual Studio runs the ASP.NET app and opens the default browser.

Restricting uploaded file types in ASP.NET Core increases security, data integrity, regulatory compliance, resource efficiency, and user experience. It's a critical component of developing robust and secure web apps.

Importance of Sessions in Web Applications
Sessions bridge this gap by providing a means to preserve user-specific data across multiple requests within a defined period.

• Maintain User Identity: Sessions are instrumental in user authentication and authorization processes. They allow web applications to identify and track users across various interactions, ensuring secure access to restricted resources.
• Customized User Experience: Sessions facilitate the personalization of user experiences by storing user preferences, settings, and browsing history. This enables applications to tailor content and functionality based on individual user profiles.
• Shopping Carts and E-commerce: In e-commerce applications, sessions are indispensable for managing shopping carts and order processing. By persisting cart contents and user selections across page transitions, sessions streamline the purchasing journey and enhance user convenience.
• Form Persistence: Sessions enable the retention of form data entered by users, safeguarding against data loss during navigation or submission errors. This ensures a seamless and uninterrupted form-filling experience.
• Tracking User Activity: Sessions empower web analytics and tracking mechanisms by storing user session data, such as page views, interactions, and session duration. This information aids in understanding user behavior and optimizing website performance.

Implement Session Management in ASP.NET Core MVC
Create a New ASP.NET Core MVC Project: Start by creating a new ASP.NET Core MVC project in Visual Studio or using the .NET CLI.

Install Required Packages
Install the required packages for session management using NuGet Package Manager or the .NET CLI. In this example, we'll need the Microsoft.AspNetCore.Session package.

Configure Services
In the ConfigureServices method of the Startup class, add the session services using services.AddSession().

Configure Middleware
In the Configure method of the Startup class, use the session middleware using the app.UseSession().

Create Controllers
Create controllers to handle your application's logic. For this example, we'll use HomeController and RecordsController.

Here I have created a home cotroller with an Index action method to set data into session.
public class HomeController : Controller
{
    private readonly ILogger<HomeController> _logger;

    public HomeController(ILogger<HomeController> logger)
    {
        _logger = logger;
    }

    public IActionResult Index()
    {
        // Add list of records to session
        var records = new List<Record>
        {
            new Record { Id = 1, Name = "Record 1" },
            new Record { Id = 2, Name = "Record 2" },
            // Add more records here as needed
        };

        var serializedRecords = JsonSerializer.Serialize(records);
        HttpContext.Session.SetString("Records", serializedRecords);
        return RedirectToAction("GetRecords", "Records");
    }
}

Store Data in Session
In one of your controller actions (for example, the Index action of HomeController), store the data you want to maintain in the session. Serialize complex types like lists into strings or byte arrays before storing them.

I have stored data using var serializedRecords = JsonSerializer.Serialize(records);

Retrieve Data from Session
In another controller action (for example, the GetRecords action of RecordsController), retrieve the data from the session. Deserialize the stored data back into its original type if necessary.

public class RecordsController : Controller
{
    public IActionResult GetRecords()
    {
        // Retrieve list of records from session
        var records = HttpContext.Session.Get<List<Record>>("Records");
        return View(records);
    }
}

Summary
Session management is a fundamental aspect of web development, enabling developers to create interactive, personalized, and secure web applications.